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A cooling bath, in laboratory chemistry practice, is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low temperatures, typically between 13 °C and −196 °C. These low temperatures are used to collect liquids after distillation, to remove solvents using a rotary evaporator, or to perform a chemical reaction below room temperature (see: kinetic control). Cooling baths are generally one of two types: (a) a cold fluid (particularly liquid nitrogen, water, or even air) — but most commonly the term refers to (b) a mixture of 3 components: (1) a cooling agent (such as dry ice or water ice); (2) a liquid 'carrier' (such as liquid water, ethylene glycol, acetone, etc.), which transfers heat between the bath and the vessel; ; and (3) an additive to depress the melting-point of the solid/liquid system. A familiar example of this is the use of an ice/rock-salt mixture to freeze ice cream. Adding salt lowers the freezing temperature of water, lowering the minimum temperature attainable with only ice. == Mixed Solvent Cooling Baths == Mixing solvents creates cooling baths with variable freezing points. Temperatures between approximately −78 °C and −17 °C can be maintained by placing coolant into a mixture of ethylene glycol and ethanol,〔 while mixtures of methanol and water span the −128 °C to 0 °C temperature range.,〔(Methanol/Water mixtures make great cooling baths – Chemtips ). Chemtips.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 2015-02-23〕〔(The ridiculously thorough guide to making a MeOH/Water bath - Chemtips ). Chemtips.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 2015-02-23.〕 Dry ice sublimes at −78 °C, while liquid nitrogen is used for colder baths. As water or ethylene glycol freeze out of the mixture the concentration of ethanol/methanol increases. This leads to a new, lower freezing point. With dry ice these baths will never freeze solid, as pure methanol and ethanol both freeze below −78 °C (-98 °C and -114 °C, respectively). Relative to traditional cooling baths, solvent mixtures are adaptable for a wide temperature range. In addition, the solvents necessary are cheaper and less toxic than those used in traditional baths.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cooling bath」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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